Walt Disney Essay example -- essays research papers fc

Walter Elias Disney      At a period in American history when occupations were scant and cash was difficult to drop by, one mouse and his gathering of energized companions, with their hilarious jokes brought grins to the essences of kids and grown-ups the same. The mouse’s name was Mickey, and with his creation came the introduction of a multibillion dollar corporate domain, all as a result of one man’s dream.      Walt Disney was conceived in Chicago, Illinois on December 5, 1901, and was brought up on a little ranch in a town called Marceline, Missouri, however later moved to Kansas City. It was in Kansas City that Walt initially started exploring different avenues regarding his aesthetic abilities on Saturday mornings when he would go to a neighborhood exhibition hall and take drawing classes. The guidance was not actually incredible, however it was a start. At seventeen years old, Disney dropped out of school to turn into a rescue vehicle driver abroad in W.W.I, yet came back to America in 1919, when he applied his craving for craftsmanship to a worthwhile vocation. He turned into an student as a business artist, making publicizing kid's shows. By 1922, Walt had united with Ub Iwirks, and they started their own business publicizing firm. It didn’t keep going long nonetheless, by 1923, Disney pulled out of the business. In spite of the fact that the adventure was a disappointment, Iwirk’s ability was one of the fundamental explanations behind Disney’s later victory. (Storm Group)      Walt, presently living in Hollywood, started creation quickly on his first activity, Steamboat Willy, which included a saucy little mouse named, â€Å"Mortimer,† voiced by Walt. The mouse anyway was later renamed by Disney’s spouse, Lillian, to, â€Å"Mickey.† The creation was the first ever to synchronize sound and special visualizations. Walt taken a gander at liveliness as another method of recounting stories through a medium that had no limits. This underlying achievement drove Walt to put his own benefits into fresher and better creations including Mickey’s new group of wacky characters; Goofy, Donald Duck, Pluto, and Minnie. The creations were a short-term overall achievement, which drove Disney and his, at that point, little group to go considerably further, extending their studios and finance, and discharging the principal ever full-length completely enlivened element introduction in 1937 entitled, Snow White. With the nation despite everything attempting to recoup from the financial catastrophes of the Great Depression,... ...to really have some good times. He united guardians and youngsters, through storybooks, around the TV, before film screens, and in his own properties of dream and marvel. Indeed through the Great Depression he figured out how to engage the most discouraged individuals there were, however there was one thing that Walt Disney consistently needed everybody to recollect, â€Å"I just expectation that we never dismiss one thing-that it was completely begun by a mouse.† Reference index 1. Peet, Bill. Bill Peet: An Autobiography. USA: Houghton Mifflin Publishing Company,  â â â â 1989. 2. Dunlop, Beth. Building a Dream. USA: Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, 1996. 3. Hahn, Don. Movement Magic. USA: Disney Press, 1996. 4. Imagineers, The. Walt Disney Imagineering: A Behind the Dreams Look at Making the      Magic Real. USA: Hyperion, 1995. 5. Storm Group. Disney, (Walter Elias) Walt. 2002.  â â â â http://search.biography.com/print_record.pl?id=14265. February 24, 2002. 6. Walt Disney World - Parks and the sky is the limit from there. 2002.  â â â â http://disneyworld.disney.go.com/waltdisneyworld/parksandmore/. February 24,  â â â â 2002.

Newspaper Articles Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper Articles Summary - Assignment Example Therefore, Mcbrayer says that main driver of this mentality must lie elsewhere however not in the philosphers. Mcbrayer contends in the article that the disposition of review virtues as simple feelings that are not genuine lies in the instruction arrangement of America, especially in the educational plan. Mcbrayer says that his exploration on the subject made him to understand that youngsters are educated, from youthful age, to see virtues as being unimportant convictions or suppositions. Mcbrayer proceeds to contend that kids are trained that a reality is a case that can be confirm, then again, an assessment is a case that can't be prove or demonstrated. Hence, Mcbrayer contends, kids are educated to see every ethical case as being unimportant cases and not realities. For his explanation, as per Mcbrayer, youngsters create negative disposition against virtues and the view virtues as being false cases. Mcbrayer asserts in the article that the division of realities and suppositions in the educational plan in American schools represents the motivation behind why American youngsters believe that there are no ethical realities. Mcbrayer finishes up his article by saying that virtues are undoubtedly realities and not insignificant conclusions; for Mcbrayer, a conviction or a sentiment can be valid. Consequently, virtues are undoubtedly obvious cases and hence they are realities and not unimportant assessments. A basic perspective on Mcbrayer’s sees in this article shows that Mcbrayer is directly in his view that virtues are realities and not minor conclusions. This is on the grounds that, despite the fact that, we can't give confirmation or proof of virtues, there are numerous different things in life that we can't give proof of but we hold them as truth. Since virtues help people to live well and to keep up human nobility, virtues are surely realities and not simple feelings. In this article, an Oliver sack regrets the way that she is experiencing the

How to Write an Essay on Sample of Sights

How to Write an Essay on Sample of SightsThe Samples of Sight's essay is an integral part of the AP English Literature exam. This type of essay focuses on cultural questions, which have implications on the identity of individuals, and the relationships between groups or communities. Students who opt to focus on sample issues to write about will not only be taught the real life situation that produced the questions but also will be exposed to the literary style used for literary questions.Questions are divided into two sections. Each section will include different levels of difficulty. Students will encounter topics such as the question of identity, whether certain people should be called people, and when the word people came into existence. Students will need to construct a story in order to answer the questions, as well as make connections to other cultures and use a variety of literary styles to answer the second half of the essay.Students will be asked to tell a story about a real world situation or person. This situation could be a specific personal event, a general question, or a generalization of a situation that has occurred in the past. It could be anyone, from a small child to a dictator. Students will need to tell a story that demonstrates their ability to engage in two different modes of thinking. They will also need to answer the specific question posed by the essay.Students should not only consider good literature when writing the essay, but also find great places to get the information they need. The Internet is a great place to look for sample of sights questions. This can help students write their essays more quickly and simply. It is also a useful resource for taking down notes and developing a thesis statement. While writing samples of sights essays can also be found in books or on websites, they can also be helpful because they are known themes.Students should be able to use a variety of different literary styles when they are writing their s ample of sights essay. Writing an essay on cultural identity will require students to construct a fictional scenario or character that relates to their own personal experiences. Students can also choose to tell a story about some event from their own lives. They can also write in a descriptive style, using their imagination to tell a story.Students can also make connections to other cultures, finding cultural aspects of their home country. However, the majority of students will be required to tell a story about a culture, the groups that compose it, and how their own communities relate to others. This will allow students to compare themselves to other people in the society and identify with the group. In doing so, students will be able to determine the differences in the two groups and identify any gaps in cultural or social attitudes.Another way to approach the question of cultural identities is to use the literary styles used for questions from the essay. Students should consider examples of questions written by highly-skilled writers like George Orwell, J.K. Rowling, or Dave Eggers. This will help them to find examples of how literary styles are used when writing about problems.Students can also use literary styles when composing their essays on a sample of sights. They should first consider the questions posed to them by the essay, which usually involve research and the interpretation of that research. Next, they should think about what they would like to say about the situation. Then they should be able to write a narrative based on what they know, using their own experiences and those of other people.

Legal Business Consideration - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1383 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Tags: Organization Essay Did you like this example? What form of business organization will best protect you when you start your ice cream store and why? Based on the in-depth reading of the relevant case, the best form of business organization which will be able to protect me for starting an ice cream store is Limited Liability Companies. LLCs is the best choice because of limited liabilities, flexible and lower taxations, flexible ownership structure and ability to end the company. First of all, unlike other business forms, members of LLCs do not have personal liability for the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s debts and obligations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Legal Business Consideration" essay for you Create order In other words, members are just liable for the debts, obligations and liabilities of the company only to the extent of their capital contributions. For example, Roberto copied the logo on a cheese package, so someone in that cheese company might sue us because of the violation of the intellectual property protections. If I lose the case, they cannot take my personal assets for Robertoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability because my business is LLCs with limited liability. According to the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an LLC is not a separate tax entity, so business itself is not taxed.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This means that the income or losses of the company will flow through to membersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ individual tax returns, and then they are to pay it through the personal income tax. Furthermore, Roberto and I also can elect how the company is taxed either as a corporation or as a corporation. This illustrates that our company is still able to avoid double taxat ions. In term of the flexible ownership structure, our LLC can be either a member-managed LLC or a manager-managed LLC. However, it does not matter what type of the structure of the company is. Roberto and I still have a say in management without losing our limited liability. Each member will have equal rights to manage the company. According to the website www.nolo.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a website composed by many legal lawyers, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“under the laws of many states, unless your operating agreement says otherwise, when one member wants to leave the LLC, the company dissolves.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This means that if I have some troubles with Roberto or do not want to continue operating the company, I will be able to leave the company. No one can prevent me from doing that unless the operating agreement between Roberto and I says so. Are there any intellectual property protections you should take for your business name and logo? What are they and why? How do you know if you can use this name and logo? I should take Trademark for my business name and logo because it allows me to get legal protection for the name and logo of the company. According to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a trademark is a word, phrase, symbol or design, or a combination thereof, that identifies and distinguishes the source of the goods of one party from those of others.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This means that I will have a legal presumption that our business is the owner of the mark and has the exclusive right to use this mark nationwide with our goods and services by registering a Trademark. To know whether I can use this name and logo, I will file an application with the PTO in Washington, DC wherein I designate the name and logo of the company that I am requesting to be registered. If our mark does not violate any existing marks, and other requirements for registering the mark have been met, the PTO will register that mark. Otherwise, we might use the Trademark Electroni c Search System (TESS) on the website of PTO to check the mark existed or not based on the USPTOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s database. This is the link: https://tmsearch.uspto.gov . As a result, we can use them for the company. Are there any food laws must you comply with regarding the manufacture of ice cream in the US? What are they? ( summarize in two- three paragraphs please ) According to the Code of Federal Regulation Title 21, Volume 2 (CFR), ice cream is defined as a particular dairy products which have a certain percentage of milkfat and nonfat milk solid with a required minimum weight a gallon. The codified standards for the ice cream industry involves ingredient composition, optional ingredients, nomenclature and labeling. For ingredient composition, ice cream must contain certain minimum percent of milkfat and nonfat milk solids in the finished food (at least 10 percent milkfat, and not less than 20 percent total solids). Some certain bulky ingredientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ weight used in making ice cream must be multiplied by 2.5 or 1.4 depending on whether they are fruit, nuts, chocolate or cocoa solids. Milk as mentioned must be cowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s milk. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“total solidsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  mentioned are a variety of different components, such as protein, sugar, fat and other ingredients. A certain amount of optional dairy ingredi ents, caseinates and hydrolyzed milk protein must be generally recognized as safe with the maximum amount of included whey and the specific allowable levels of acidity by FDA. Additionally, the fat content will be determined by using the method designated under à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fat, Roese-Gottlieb Method à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Offical Final Action.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The name of the food must be ice cream if the content of the egg yolk solids does not exceed the specific amount for ice cream. The name of the ice cream on the container is also distinguished by natural flavorings, artificial flavoring or the combination of natural and artificial flavorings. According to FDA, Congress passed the statute called the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) which required food manufacturers and processors to disclose the nutrition information on food labels, including the amount of saturated fat, calories, saturated fat, cholesterol, and other substances contained in the food. So the manufac ture of ice cream is not an exception. Each of the ingredients must be disclosed on the label as required by the applicable sections of parts 101 and 130. However, the manufacturers of ice cream do not need to declare the artificial color except as required. Company Description The Laughing Cow Creamery Being fall in love with tasty creamy flavors, two best-friends Thuy and Roberto shared a dream to create a new ice cream store named Laughing Cow Creamery. After their graduation, the first Laughing Cow Creamery store was found as the Limited Liability Company on December 2013 in Georgia. Our store desire to bring over 50 tasty cool flavors with the highest quality throughout the year by operating the fully automatic systems. No matter who one is or where one lives, Laughing Cow Creamery will try to provide you the finest ingredients in the ice cream industry. Laughing Cow Creamery target all individual costumers of mostly all ages. College students and kids are very welcome to our store to get up to 50 percent discounts. With over 50 tasty cool flavors, Laughing Cow Creamery are able to provide our consumers year-round flavors, seasonal flavors, sherbet flavors, no sugar added or low fat flavors throughout the year. If the business grows as expec ted in a long term, we are planning to expand over 500 stores in the United States. Our friendly personnel will be pleasant to serve customers seven days per week from 7:00 AM to 9:00 PM. Works Cited 21 CFR 135.110 Ice Cream and Frozen Custard. LII / Legal Information Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. lt;https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/135.110gt;. CFR Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.CFR Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. lt;https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=135.110gt;. Cheeseman, Henry R. Chapter 8: Intellectual Property and Cyber Piracy.The Legal Environment of Business and Online Commerce: Business Ethics, E-commerce, Regulatory, and International Issues. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2013. 167-74. Print. Limited Liability Company (LLC) | The U.S. Small Business Administration | SBA.gov.Limited Liability Company (LLC) | The U.S. Small Business A dministration | SBA.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. lt;https://www.sba.gov/content/limited-liability-company-llcgt;. LLC Basics. Limited Liability Company Business Structure | Nolo.com.Nolo.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. lt;https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/llc-basics-30163.htmlgt;. Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS).Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS). N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. lt;https://tmsearch.uspto.gov/gt;.

Internationalization Of Asian Multinational Enterprises - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5014 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Background Internationalization can be defined as the desire to be a member of the international society by satisfying a certain standard, or strengthening the influence of a nation on other nations. It becomes the process where multinational enterprise (MNE) engaging, it is very important for these companies to penetrate international market if they want to be accepted and remain successful. (Sreenivasan Jayashree and Sahal Ali Al-Marwai). The internationalization process helps MNEs in maturate their operation in foreign market and enhance their competitive position abroad. According to Hedman (1993), three main alternatives for distributing the enterpriseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s product exist, that is, indirect export, direct export and alternatives to export. When distributing indirectly, the different distribution activities are assigned to one or several intermediaries in the home market. When distributing directly, the producer itself conducts the distribution activities, such as distribution to a foreign importer, which in his turn forward the products to another intermediary or the end customer. (Molnar, 1990) the third alternative, alternatives to export, can take place through, for instance, own production in the target country, or licensing (Hedman, 1993). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Internationalization Of Asian Multinational Enterprises" essay for you Create order The rapid changes in todays business world call for new models of internationalization (Fillis, 2001; Meyer and Gelbuda, 2006), especially to be able to capture the early phase of internationalization in a better manner than the traditional models (Johanson and Vahlne, 2003). In contemporary research, Coviello and McAuley (1999), in line with Leonidou and Katsikeas (1996), have pointed at three theory directions that are preferable for studying internationalization, namely Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)-theories (a.k.a., the theory of the Multinational Firm), Stage models and Network theory. Even though these are different theory directions, they are seen to be complementary views where a combination of views is preferred since it is difficult to capture the internationalization concept using only one theoretical framework (Bell et al., 2003; BjÃÆ' ¶rkman and Forsgren, 2000; Coviello and Munro, 1997; Meyer and Skak, 2002). Network theory is increasingly being combined with stage theory in order to understand and explain the rapid internationalization of the firm (in Bell et al., 2003; Johanson and Vahlne, 1990, 2003; Meyer and Skak, 2002). The process of internationalization has been the subject of widespread theoretical and empirical research (for example, Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul 1975; Johanson and Vahlne 1977; Bilkey 1978; Cavusgil 1980; Turnbull 1987; Welch and Loustarinen 1988) and finds a general acceptance in the literature (Bradley 1991; Buckley and Ghauri 1993; Leonidou and Katsikeas 1996). The internationalization process is described as a gradual development taking place in distinct stages (Melin 1992). Internationalization processes in emerging markets, as in international markets in general, take place in a stepwise manner (Jansson, 2007). Companies commit themselves through a gradual learning process. Learning is incremental and takes place by doing. Firms learn about doing business abroad, for example, learning about the conditions in particular markets. Companies tend first to establish themselves in geographically and culturally proximate markets and increase their commitment, starting with agents, and passing through sales companies to manufacturing companies (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977; Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975). Within the last decades, the business world has changed drastically through globalization and internationalization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"creating a new and fierce business environment for companies. We can now see a third wave of internationalization of firms in which companies domiciled in mature Western markets establish themselves on a large scale in emerging markets such as Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), Russia, China and India (Jansson, 2007). A recent phenomena of firm from Asian capital exporting countries were internationalizing and multinationalizing their business activities and have emerged or are emerging as Asian multinational enterprises (World Bank, 1993). They started the internationalizing activities and investing and setting up operation in other countries since mid-1980. Research interest which focus on these Asian enterprises and their direct investment activities arise in recent years (Ting, 1985; Ulagado et al., 1994; Yeung 1994, 1997). Foreign direct investment (FDI) started on the early 1980s. According to studies done by Lall, 1983;Well, 1983; Kumar and McLeod, 1981; Khan, 1986; Monkiewicz, 1986; Aggarwal and Agmon,1990; Tolentino, 1993, FDI of Third World multinational enterprises (TWMNEs), slightly different with the traditional MNEs from the western developed countries in term of their characteristic. The growth of East Asia (World Bank, 1993) in late 1980 and early 1990, has increased intra-regional direct investment. The directed investment process from Japan , followed by Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore and the activities transferring from one level of economies to another in Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand has been depicted as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“wild flying geese patternà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (Toh and Low,1994; Guisinger, 1991). As a result, these Asian capital exporting countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ firm internationalizing and multinationalizing their business activities and have emerged or are emerging as Asian multinational enterprises (World Bank, 1993). Problem Statement During these extremely competitive times, the international business environment is one that is normally full of immense uncertainty, volatility as well as a high rate of failure when it comes to international expansion The research on the nature, organization and operations of these emerging Asian international and multinational enterprises are limited. This is because research in international business and trade has been dependent largely upon economistic and western-centric theories developed predominantly in industrial and institutional economics (Buckley and Casson, 1985; Dunning, 1988, 1993). A study shown internationalization is the crucial factor for a firm to grow and develop economically and technologically (Syed Zamberi Ahmad and Fariza Hashim, 2007). Hence, it is very important for multinational companies to conduct a comprehensive examination of the various important factors that could influence the type of strategy that is to be selected for international market entry. 1.3 Objectives This research is dedicated to all local Malaysian companies who are looking at ways and means to internationalize their operations to a foreign market and would be of tremendous assistance to them in determining the correct strategic path and improve the understanding of the Asian MNEsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ characteristic. 1.4 Research Question According to the problem statement above, the author has formulated some question to meet the research objective. The question are : What are the key characteristics and success of their foreign ventures? What are the motives for internationalization? What are the entry strategies? What are the strategic advantages and traits? Research Contribution Government: Through this study, government can carry out some government policy to lead more firm success in their international proses in expanding their business. Firms: This study provides information to provide better understand characteristic and strategy for the purpose of internationalization which can increase the net profit of the firm. Economic: This study enable economist to better understand how development of economic on a country can help MNEs in their internationalization process. 1.6 Summary This study proposal consists 3 chapters. Chapter 1 provides the overview of the recent phenomena of internationalization, the problem statement, objectives, and question. Chapter 2 displays literature review by past research, followed by concept and theories, and research framework. Chapter 3 describes the research methodology, sampling technique, data collection, data analysis and research planning that use to analysis the finding in Chapter 4. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter reviews the past studies about the concept and theory which included internationalization process, entry notes and process, eclectic explanation, foreign direct investment, regional and global internationalization processes, Uppsala model and Asian context. After that it follows by the research framework. 2.2 Concept and Theory 2.2.1 Internationalization processes Internationalization processes in emerging markets, as in international markets in general, take place in a stepwise manner (Jansson, 2007). Companies commit themselves through a gradual learning process. Learning is incremental and takes place by doing. Firms learn about doing business abroad, for example, learning about the conditions in particular markets. Companies tend first to establish themselves in geographically and culturally proximate markets and increase their commitment, starting with agents, and passing through sales companies to manufacturing companies (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977; Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975). Research on the exports of mainly North American companies has reached similar results (Bilkey, 1978; Cavusgil, 1980; Czinkota, 1982; Reid, 1981). Such process theories are highly useful especially when studying international 66 H. Jansson, S. Sandberg / Journal of International Management 14 (2008) 65à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"77 business in CEE. Learning processe s are essential since the company needs to adapt to an emerging and different business context, such as exists in the CEE (Meyer and Gelbuda, 2006). As noted by Sharma and Blomstermo (2003b) a basic assumption in internationalization process theory is that knowledge accumulation is continuous and dependent upon the duration of foreign operations. The longer firms have been involved in foreign operations, the more knowledge they accumulate about such operations. There is a relationship between knowledge accumulation and risk so that the more knowledge a firm has, the less uncertain they perceive the foreign market to be. Firms that lack knowledge about foreign markets even tend to overestimate risks. This corresponds to what Jansson (1989) found concerning establishment processes in a regional perspective, namely that the pace of investments in Southeast Asian countries accelerated, the more experienced the firms became in an area. Johanson and Vahlne (1990) stated that Uppsala model of internationalization indicated firms reveal an evolutionary process in internationalizing through a series of evolutionary à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"stageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. 2.2.2 Entry nodes and entry processes Firms entering emerging markets face several barriers according to Meyer (2001). These barriers include a lack of information, unclear regulations and corruption. According to traditional research on internationalization processes, market entries either take place through intermediaries such as agents or distributors or through a firms own representative in the exporting/importing country, mainly a subsidiary. In terms of research in this area, scholars have found that relationships are at the core of the internationalization process (Axelsson and Johanson, 1992; Ford, 2002; HÃÆ' ¥kansson, 1982; HÃÆ' ¥kansson and Snehota, 1995; Hammarkvist et al., 1982; Jansson, 1994, 2007; Johanson and Vahlne, 2003; MajkgÃÆ' ¥rd and Sharma, 1998). According to the network approach to internationalization, entries into local market networks take place through establishing relationships. The international marketing and purchasing of products and know-how through a direct exporter/importer network means that a vertical network in the exporting region (e.g. a suppliers supplier network) is indirectly connected to another vertical network in the importing region (e.g. a buyers buyer network). This large vertical network will, in turn, be embedded in other regional and national networks, such as a financial network (Jansson, 2006, 2007). From a network perspective, establishment points in foreign market networks are defined as entry nodes. There are various routes into these networks, or nodes by which a firm can enter a network. Entries through trade either take place H. Jansson, S. Sandberg / Journal of International Management 14 (2008) 65à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"77 67 directly with customers or indirectly through intermediaries. Direct relationships, dyads, can be established between buyer and seller in the respective countries. Indirect relationships, triads, involve an outside party or other type of entry node, usually an intermediary such as an agent, dealer or distributor. Dyads can also be established through the entry mode FDI (a subsidiary in the importing country). Entry processes take place by building relationships to form networks in foreign markets. Irrespective of entry node, the development of international buyer/seller relationships tends to follow a five stage pattern (Ford, 1980, 2002; Ford et al., 1998). Each stage of the entry process can be described by a number of relationship factors, such as how the experience, commitment and adaptations of the parties increase across the stages and how the distance and uncertainty between them are reduced across the stages. The first stage includes the taking-up of marketing/purchasing activities before a formal relationship begins. The next three stages show how direct buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"seller relationships within networks are established: from their beginning and to their deepening. Experience indicates the amount of experience the respective parties have with each other. They will gauge their partners commitment to the relationship, e.g. by the willingness to make adaptations. Distance is multifaceted and it can be split into social, cultural, technological, time and geographic distance. Uncertainty deals with the fact that at the initial stages, it is difficult to assess the potential rewards and costs of the relationship. In the fifth and final stage, the relationship is extensively institutionalized and habitual, with commitment being taken for granted. Based on Terpstra and Sarathy, 1991; and Baek, 2003, joint ventures with host governments and local partners in the host country were among the preferred entry strategies for international operational operation. Petronas in South Africa entered into a commercial alliance with Engen in 1996 as a strategic partner. The acquisition was to enable both companies to implement a shared growth strategy in Africa and the Indian Ocean Rim, while allowing the development of potential operational synergies between the two business entities (Padayachee and Valodia, 2002). 2.2.3 Eclectic Explanation Eclectic Paradigm is a proverbial known explanation of international production. Dunningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1977, 1988, 1993, 1995). Eclectic Paradigm stated that the extent and pattern of international production is determined by: 1) Ownership advantages (for example, proprietary technology, products, expertise and skill) 2) Internalization advantages (for example, transaction costs reduction, maximize economic return), and 3) Location advantages of host and home countries These OLI (Ownership Location Internalization) variables listed above explain the reason internationalization occurs but overlook the dynamic process of internationalization. The Eclectic paradigm is provided by the Investment Development Path (Dunning, 1981, 1986) with a dynamic dimension, and relates the net outward investment of a country to its stage of economic development. Five stages of IDP ( Investment Development Path) Stage 1: At low level of economic development, there is little inward or outward investments. Stage 2: Inward investment becomes attractive, especially in import substitution projects as the country develops. Some outward investment may take place in neighborly countries which at lower stages of development. Most developing countries with some outward investments are at this stage. Stage 3: With economic development move forward, net inward investment declines while outward investment increases (relative to inward investment). Increasing of outward investment may take place in countries at lower IDP stages in order to overcome cost disadvantages in labour intensive industries and also to seek markets or strategic assets. Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea are said to be at this stage. Stage 4: As production being multinationalized, net outward investment becomes positive. Most developed countries are at this stage. Stage 5: The shift from advantages based more on factor endownment to those based on internalizing international market convergent outward and inward investment flows. Empirical research on Third World (including Asian) multinationals has given general support to the IDP concept (Dunning, 1986; Tolentino, 1993; Dunning Narula, 1996; Lall, 1996). Dunning and Narula (1996) acknowledge that country factors may influence the IDP pattern of a country, such as resource endownment, home market size, industrialization strategy, government policy, and the organization of economic activities. TWMNEs were smaller than their counterparts from developed countries and have limited number of overseas operations. The competitive advantages of TWMNEs were based on cost advantages (particularly labour cost) and greater responsiveness to host country needs which is different from western MNEs. They served market niches which were not covered by the traditional MNEs and so were not in direct competition with them. The major motivation for these FDI was protecting export markets rather than exploiting rent from proprietary technological know-how (or other ownership spe cific advantages characteristic of western MNEs) explained in theories, such as the eclectic paradigm of Dunning (1977, 1995). TWMNEs possessed first or second generation labour-intensive technologies and produced standardized products mainly for the domestic host country market which at stage 4 of IDP. Wells (1983) presupposes a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“pecking orderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? hypothesis to suggest that the TWMNEsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ technologies could fill the technological gap between the advanced technology of developed country MNEs and the rudimentary technology of less developed countries (LDCs) in a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“pecking downà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? order. Lall (1983) emphasized the flexibility and adaptability of TWMNEsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ technologies to be more suitable or appropriate to LDC situations. 2.2.4 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) It may seem surprising that there is significant number of foreign direct investments by some firms from developing countries because it is usually credited to more developed countries. A number of studies indicate that FDI flows not only from the industrialized or well-developed countries, as well as developing countries. Scholars such as Lecraw (1981, 1993), Wells (1977, 1981), Lall (1983a, and 1983b), Kumar and Lim (1984), Ulgado et. al., (1994) are only some of those who have carried out empirical studies and researched FDI flows from developing country firms in the 1970s and 1980s. Comparisons between the nature of international expansion of firms from developing countries and the nature of those corporations that originated from developed countries are made in most of these studies (Dunning, 1986; Vernon-Wortzel and Wortzel, 1988). In general, it has been depicted that the competitive advantages of MNCs from developed country are derived from advanced proprietary technology or other superior resources (Yeung, 1994). While ability to reduce costs of imported technology through de-scaled manufacturing or smaller scale of production is focus of the competitive advantage from developing country MNCs were derived from their This is a process whereby technologies from industrialised countries are adapted to suit smaller markets by reducing scale, replacing machinery with manual labour, and relying on local inputs (Ramamurti, 2004). Outward direct investment from developing countries started to grow rapidly to a sizeable magnitude during the mid-1980. This became the main tool of developing country multinationals in demanding that their constituent firms prepare for the drastically international competition that they were about to face(Kumar, 1996, 1997). The emergence of new technologies in the late 1980s somehow decreases the interest in outward direct investment from developing countries subsided (Kumar, 1996; Oh et. al., 1998; Pananond and Zeithaml, 1998; van Hoesel, 1999). Pananond and Zeithaml(1998) and van Hoesel(1999) recounted that aggregate analyses of developing country MNEs conducted at the industry level get attention from scholars and yielded interesting results by the early 1990s. They concluded that there were marked differences in characteristics between developing country MNEs in the 1980s and 1990s. Scholars posited that these two groups of MNEs belonged to two different waves of development i n term of their respective historical backgrounds, nature of businesses, extent of the role of government in operations and transactions, geographical direction, and mode of internationalisation activity. MNEs in the 1980s are more concerned with cost competitiveness with their competitors (van Hoesel, 1999). In contrast, developing country MNEs in the 1990s placed greater emphasis on the development and reset business strategies due to the dynamic changing patterns of world business structure brought about by trade liberalisation and economic globalisation (Dunning et al., 1997). Besides this, they put more effort on technological competence as the source of competitive advantage (Pananond and Zeithmal, 1998). They noted that notwithstanding these differences, there existed several significant interrelated points of convergence between the two groups (Dunning et al., 1997; van Hoesel, 1999). 2.1.5 Regional and global internationalization processes In analyzing the early internationalization steps of smaller and less experienced companies, the internationalization process model by Johanson and Vahlne (1977) is regarded as a highly useful tool. In internationalization research, few studies have been conducted on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“higher levelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? internationalization where companies are established in several countries and have fully-owned businesses (Meyer and Gelbuda, 2006). The more countries in a region a firm exports to, the more extensive is the regional internationalization process. The more regions a firm exports to, the more global is the internationalization process. New stages of internationalization are established when a firm extends its business from one major type of market to another or from one type of foreign environment to another. The main factor behind these stages is experiential knowledge, meaning that firms gradually build a knowledge base through operating in foreign markets. They learn from past experience by transforming this experience to useful knowledge. There are three types of such knowledge (Eriksson et al., 1997). Internationalization knowledge about how to perform international operations is an expression of a firms current stock of knowledge in the form of its resources and capabilities. The more novel the foreign environment, the more difficult it is for the firm to apply its current stock of knowledge to that foreign market. This means that there is a gap between a firms present internationalization knowledge and the knowledge the company has about how to do business in the specific foreign market, i.e. concerning its network experiential knowledge and institutional knowledge (Blomstermo et al., 2004). Based on a firms experiential knowledge process, internationalization processes are often divided into different degrees of internationalization. Johanson and Mattsson (1991) discuss the internationalization process for firms with various degrees of internationalization and propose that the process is mainly valid during the early stages of a firms internationalization: inexperienced firms tend to follow a traditionally slow and gradual pattern, while the internationalization of a more experienced company is less slow and gradual. 2.2.6 Uppsala model The Uppsala model (Johanson Weidersheim-Paul, 1975; Johanson Vahlne, 1977) provides an explanation of the dynamic process of internationalization of individual firms. The Uppsala model emphasize on the importance of gaining knowledge and experience about the characteristics of foreign markets along the internationalisation path, and helps MNEs reduced risks and levels of uncertainty in unfamiliar foreign environments before investing (Wiedersheim-Paul et al., 1978). The successive steps of increasing highly commitment are based on knowledge acquisition. Foreign activities started with export to foreign country through independent representative or agent, after that establish sales subsidiary and finally start production in the host country. The internationalization of the firm across many foreign markets was particularly related to psychic distance which included differences in language, education, business practices, culture and industrial development. Firstly, enter foreign market which closer in term of psychic distance, followed by subsequent entries in markets with greater psychic distances. Same goes to entry mode of foreign market. The incremental expansion of market commitment meant that the initial entry was typically some form of low commitment mode and followed by progressively higher levels of commitment. Obviously, commitment of the level of ownership in different markets was correlated with their psychic distance. The Uppsala model had received general support in empirical research (Welch and Loustarinen, 1988; Davidson, 1980, 1983; Erramilli et al., 1999) and its largely intuitive nature and evolutionary learning perspective made it attractive as an explanatory model. A related view regards learning was that TWMNEs built up their advantages through the accumulation of technology and skills. Lall (1983) emphasized on the localization and adaptation of technology to suit local markets by TWMNEs. Tolentino (1993) focused in term of the accumulation of technological competence in the expansion of firms from developing countries which was consistent with the resource-based view of building competitive advantage in strategic management. The accumulation of knowledge and competence especially its knowledge of developing markets and not so much its technology by the CP Group in Thailand was the key to its internationalization. There are also differences between the CP Group and Western MNEs (Pananond and Zeithaml, 1998). Mathews (2002, 2006) postulated that emerging firms could foster internationalization via leverage of their contractual linkages with other foreign firms to acquire resources and learning new capabilities. He indicated that this explanati on complemented the OLI framework and could be used to explain the rise of such latecomer firms which he dubbed as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Dragon multinationalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. 2.2.7 Asian Context Yeung (1999); Zutshi Gibbons (1989) portrayed that western theories on internationalization have neglect the active role played by the state and overlooked the institutional or contextual perspective in the internationalization of Asian. Asians state always plays a direct and active role in the internationalization of its MNEs. For example, the Singapore government played a key and direct role in the promotion of outward FDI (e.g., growth triangles, industrial parks in foreign countries), particularly from the early 1990s in its regionalization programs (Pang, 1994; Tan, 1995; ESCAP/UNCTAD, 1997). Incentives and other programs for instance tax incentives, finance schemes, training also provided to foster the rapid development of local entrepreneurship in the regionalization efforts. In Malaysia, the government took a very active role in promoting the internationalization of Malaysian firms. Investment promotion missions abroad were organized and often lead by the Prime Minister. The government provided incentives including tax abatement in 1991 and subsequently full tax exemption in 1995 for income earned overseas and remitted back to Malaysia. An overseas investment guarantee program was instituted. Malaysian government à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“instructedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? firms to defer non-essential overseas investment in order to reduce the impact of the effects of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. In the Asian context, the state has played a very active and direct role in promoting the internationalization of its national firms. This is much different with the western context, where the role of the state is benign and indirect. 2.3 Summary This chapter first discussed the internationalization process in terms of entry notes and process, eclectic explanation, foreign direct investment, regional and global internationalization processes, Uppsala model and Asian context. The following chapter discusses the research method, survey development, and sample selection CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter provides an overview of the research method. It starts by explaining the appropriateness of the research method. Then discusses the research design which consists of seven steps: questionnaire development, literature review, proposal, data collection, data analysis, discussion and conclusion, and write-up. Next the data collection and sample selection is discussed with reasons for each of the decisions involved. The next section discusses the statistical methods. Lastly, a Gantt chart will be use to estimate the times use in each activity. 3.2 Sampling Technique A case study approach will be using in this paper. It tends to provide in depth information and intimate details about the particular case being studied. This approach was used to collect comprehensive and holistic data (Eisenhardt, 1989; Internationalization Strategies of Emerging Asian MNEs 491 Yin, 1994) about firms that have internationalized their operations over time. The focus here is on MNEs from Malaysia (a fast developing country). Case studies mean that the research investigates few objects in many respects (Wiedersheim-Paul, Eriksson, 1991). Case studies are most suitable if you like to get a detailed understanding about different kinds of process (Lekvall Wahlbin, 1987). The researches may, for instance, choose a line of business and an enterprise, and conduct an in depth investigation (Wiedersheim-Paul, Eriksson, 1991). Yin (1994) states, that when the form of the questions is why and how, the case study strategy is most likely to be appropriate. The research problem I have investigated was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“how the internationalisation process of a MNEs when entering to foreign market can be characterisedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? , which was divided into four research questions. 3.3 Data Collection 3.3.1 Secondary data Eriksson Wiedersheim-Paul (1997) points out that secondary data is data, which already has been collected by someone else, for another purpose. Statistics, and reports issued by governments , trade associations, and so on, are some sources of secondary data (Chisnall, 1997). The annual report and the enterpriseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s homepage, are another sources of secondary data (Wiedersheim-Paul, Eriksson, 1991). Secondary data research should always be carried out before doing any field survey (Chisnall, 1991). When I had defined the research area, I started to search for relevant literature. The databases that I have used to find relevant literature are EBSCOhost, Science Direct, Libris, ABI/INFORM, and Helecon. The keywords used when searching the databases were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“international businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ Malaysian MNEsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“internationalizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strategiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mode of entryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. These words were combined in different ways, to maximise the number of hits. 3.3.2 Primary data Primary data is collected directly by the researcher for a specific purpose (Chisnall, 1991; Eriksson Wiedersheim-Paul, 1997). Two main techniques for gathering primary data exist, that is, inquires or interviews. Either one, or combination of both, can be used. (Eriksson Wiedersheim-Paul, 1997) I will use personal interview with the CEOs or top executives responsible for the international operations of the firm at the home country in Malaysia. Oversea subsidiaries were not interviewed as the paper focus on the internationalization and strategies of the parent firms, Malaysia. Interview being use to facilitate the gathering the primary data, as I estimate the interview would take more than one hours to conduct, and according to Zikmund (1994), by using personal interviews you are allowed to conduct longer interviews, compared to telephone interview. I will recoding use sound recoder during the interview session. This can help to increase the accuracy of data. Case study interviews are based on open-ended question, in which you can ask the respondent for the facts of a matter, as well as the respondentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ opinions about the event (Yin, 1994). Closed-ended question, on the other hand, call responses that are strictly limited, since the respondent is offerd a choice of alternative replies, from which he or she is expected to select an answer cooresponding to his or her personal view on particular subject (Chisnall, 1997). Most of the questions I will use is open-ended, but some where closed-ended. The closed-ended questions were followed up with an open-ended question in order to give a deeper understanding of the enterpriseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s opinion about the subject. An on- line questionnaire will be use as well. The respondents must hold the title of Supervisor, Assistant Controller, Controller, Chief Accountant, Treasurer, Chief Financial Officer, Consultant, Manager, General Manager,Director, Executive, Vice President, President, Principal, or Chief Executive Officer (CEO) . The mode of data collection was online questionnaire survey because of several advantages. First, online questionnaire can reach a geographically dispersed sample simultaneously and at a relatively low cost because interviewers are not required. (Zikmund, 2003, p. 212)Second, online questionnaire survey can be filled out whenever the respondent has time and allow respondents time to collect fact that they may not be able to recall without checking. (Zikmund, p. 213). 3.4 Date Analysis The ultimate goal with the data analysis is to treat the evidence fairly, to produce trustworthy analytic conclusion, and to rule out alternative interpretations. One common strategy is to follow the theoretical propositions that led to the case study. (Yin, 1994) I proposed to used this strategy, since the theory chapter led to the problem discussion, the research question, the data presentation, the data analysis, and finally, the conclusions. Holme and Solvang (1991) have a recommendation on how to do a systematic analysis, beginning with a within-case analysis and followed by a cross-case analysis. I followed this recommendation, and began with the within-case analysis, in which I compared the gathered data from each enterprise with my frame of reference. I continued with cross-case analysis, where I compare the data from case study firm with each other. This, since looking across cases deepens the understanding and can increase the possibility for generation (Miles Huberman, 19 94). I will also followed their recommendation to make up matrices in the cross-case analysis, to be able to identify patterns. 3.5 Research Planning Gantt Chart Figure 1 show the Gantt Chart of this research. The whole research will take around 10 months to complete. Time 2010 2011 Activities June July Aug Sept Oct Jan Feb Mar April May Literature review                            Questionnaire development                            Proposal                            Data collection                            Data analysis                            Discussion and conclusion                            Write-up                            Figure 1 Gantt Chart 3.6 Summary This chapter discussed the sampling technique, data collection, data analysis and research planning. The following chapter will presents the survey results.

Obesity The Country Of Fast Foods - 1788 Words

According to Food Research and Action Center obesity has increased more than doubled in children and adults since the 1970s (National Center for Health Statistics, 2009). Yet, people don’t want to admit that this is a serious issue in our society. When we think about obesity the first country that comes to everyone’s mind is of course United States, the native country of fast foods. Although United States is one of the most progressive countries in the entire world, yet it has the biggest rate in obesity in young people as well as in adults. So it is not a secret that American community is known and considered the most unhealthiest people in the planet. Just think about, fast food chains are always in every single corner wherever you go and water has been replaced by soda. This country lives on the life â€Å"to go† which means always in a hurry and not having time to make their own food at home. Microwavable lunch are the easier way during a busy day for most people and in the end of the day eating fast food all day is more affordable. However, if people will be motivated by different types of commercials on the radio or television, people will learn how to eat right and find a better way to protect their own health. Burger King, Wendy’s, Popeyes, Mcdonald’s, Arby s these and many more corporations like these ones have become household names in our world. Each and every of these companies operates an unique mission which is served a filling meal for a very low cost and ofShow MoreRelatedThe Obesity Epidemic in America Essays1082 Words   |  5 Pages Obesity among Americans has been a growing issue in the United States predominantly over the past decade. Many may argue American’s are obese because of poor food choices, over-eating, genetic disposition, lack of exercise, or the environment which one lives, while others blame it all on fast-food chains and restaurants. 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Hong Kong Identity free essay sample

Politic: July 1st, 2003 Protest Agenda 1. Introduction †¢ 1. 1. What is identity politic †¢ 1. 2. Political events that have affected HK Identity 2. July1st, 2003 protest 3. Conclusion 1. 1. What is Identity Politic †¢ Identity politics: Identity as a politic †¢ Development of identity politic †¢ Past v. s Present Introduction July 1st Protest Conclusion 1. 2. Political events that affected HK Identity Tiananmen Square After WWI: Refugee Identity Mistrust of Chinese Government Article 23 After 1960: Local HK Identity 1997 Handover 2013 Introduction July 1st Protest Conclusion 2. July1st, 2003 protest †¢ Annual protest led by Civil Human Rights Front †¢ Article 23 †¢ The Hong Kong SAR shall enact laws on its own to prohibit any act of treason, secession, sedition, subversion against the Central Peoples Government, or theft of state secrets, to prohibit foreign political organizations or bodies from conducting political activities in the Region, and to prohibit political organizations or bodies of the Region from establishing ties with foreign political organizations or bodies Introduction July 1st Protest Conclusion Concerns Pros †¢ British government also had repressive acts †¢ e. We will write a custom essay sample on Hong Kong Identity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page g Society Ordinance and the Public Order Ordinance Cons †¢ Police is allowed to enter houses and arrest people without warrant/evidence †¢ No freedom of speech †¢ Violation of Article 23 can result in a life term in a prison †¢ Any organization can be banned by PRC Conclusion Introduction July 1st Protest HK people identity Identity of general HK people †¢ Pragmatism †¢ Individualism †¢ Narrowing gap between HK people/ mainlanders: ambitious, adaptable, practical and clever †¢ Widening gap between HK people/ mainlanders : valuing free speech, press freedom, privacy and equality Introduction July 1st Protest Conclusion HK people identity Parties that affect HK people identity HK people identity British colonial period rule of law, democracy, freedom of speech Chinese Government formal education, flag-raising ceremonies visits to the mainland Introduction July 1st Protest Conclusion Identity illustrated by July 1st, 2003 †¢ Widening gap †¢ Antagonism vs. Pragmatic Nationalism and Liberalized Nationalism †¢ Cosmopolitan identity: HK’s dream, opportunities in society, has affected to local’s commitment to democracy Introduction July 1st Protest Conclusion 3. Conclusion †¢ Evident that Article 23 politic widened the gap of â€Å"issue in rights of HK people† ex. Free speech, press freedom, valuing privacy, valuing equality †¢ But still the trend is that people feel less gap with mainlanders †¢ ainland’s characteristic change †¢ HK people affected by mainland government’s media, education, and ceremonies. †¢ No identity is perfectly coherent; there is inconsistencies Introduction July 1st Protest Conclusion Questions to discuss †¢ What are the evolving features of the local political identity, culture and participation †¢ What is the essence of the confli cts between the local and national identities of HK people? †¢ What are the reasons for the rise of new activism, and what is its impact? Introduction July 1st Protest Conclusion